The Season of Hope

This more than any time of the year is the Season of Hope. Boosted by the joy (for most of us) of the holiday season, we now have the New Year as a source of hope.

Not only in the US but in many places around the world, 2008 more than any year in recent memory was a year of anticipation and wondering over who was going to be our next president. And as the economy got worse and worse, there was sadness especially for those whose jobs were affected. But out of this sadness grew some hope that there was somebody who could lead us out of the wilderness.

It is easy to think about how easy Barack Obama’s victory was on Election Night but until we went through our financial crisis in September, the election was pretty much a toss-up. But even for many of those who didn’t vote for him, the fact that a politician was able to inspire so much hope from those who were down and out and especially so much hope and passion from younger people was truly remarkable.

There is always that hope that the New Year will bring us a better life. This is the time of year when weight loss, exercise and stop smoking ads saturate the airwaves for those who are including these in their New Year’s resolutions.

Unfortunately for too many of us, the number one resolution for this coming year is to find a job. For those of us who have been looking for some time, we can tell you that it has not been easy. And now that the economy is taking a dive with more and more jobs being lost, it has never been harder to keep hope alive.

But when talking about hope, it is difficult not to talk about faith. Having hope is by definition, having faith that things will get better. For many of us, faith means believing that a higher being will help us through our low spots. But two other kinds of faith are at least as important. Having faith in oneself to prevail when times get tough is oh so difficult in the face of continued disappointment. But without it, it is oh so easy to sink into hopelessness and depression.

Hope begins in the dark; the stubborn hope that if you just show up and try to do the right thing, the dawn will come. You wait and watch and work: you don't give up. — Anne Lamott

But having faith in others can also provide an important source of hope. Too many of us feel that we have to go it alone. But there are always those who are willing to lend a sympathetic ear along with perhaps a hand although sometimes they seem so hard to find or are busy with their own lives. When times are tough, it is never more important to maintain a network of friends and acquaintances. After all, they too are experiencing the same human condition and often can benefit from your support. Few things can help with our self-esteem though tough times than the satisfaction of being able to help others in need.

My wish for all especially in these difficult times is that this coming year will bring an abundance of hope, prosperity and happiness!

Ending Insurance Discrimination

“There are two things you don’t want to see being made - sausage and legislation.” - Otto von Bismarck

Perhaps we should add the determination of auto insurance rates to this list when one considers all of the discriminatory ways this is done.

A Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article Bill would eliminate education as factor in insurance rates is about the outrage that a Pennsylvania state legislator has expressed over car insurance rates in his state being determined by the education level of the driver being insured.

Under one carrier's rates, a 37-year-old Pennsylvanian with a clean driving record and a Ph.D. would pay $546 a year to insure a 10-year-old sedan. If he were a high-school dropout instead of a doctor of philosophy, the rate would be $870.

As the legislator pointed out, “Why should (those who didn’t attend college) be discriminated against and penalized on their insurance rate because their family couldn't afford college?"

But there are many other ways that discrimination takes place as this article Are Car Insurance Rates Determined Unfairly? points out.

There are many arguments that can be made for the case that car insurance rates are discriminatory. For one, they discriminate based on age - the oldest and the youngest pay more, even if they are good drivers. For another thing, they discriminate on the basis of gender, with women paying less for insurance than men. They even discriminate against unmarried people, and since certain groups are not allowed to marry, this amounts to discrimination against them as well.

Insurance companies say that certain groups have more claims and that they need to adjust their premiums to reflect this additional risk. This argument makes sense for certain kinds of risk. For example, if a car model is more expensive to replace or repair and/or has a history of higher than average theft, it is only fair that the insurance company charges higher premiums for the additional risk it is assuming.

In addition, charging more for those who have already had more at-fault accidents is certainly fair again because of the additional risk to insure these people. But charging some people more because they are part of a group that they expect to have more accidents gets onto shaky ethical ground. In essence, it allows insurance companies to double dip — by both allowing them to raise rates after an at-fault accident along with also allowing them to charge more for some others even before they have even had their first accident.

Or put another way, shouldn’t a person pay a rate based on their own driving record? Shouldn’t all good drivers get the same best rate as long as they continue to be good drivers?

In addition to the above ways that insurance companies discriminate in setting rates, many are unaware of how credit scores affect insurance rates.

Your credit score can have a profound effect on the amount you have to pay not only for auto insurance, but for homeowners insurance also -- and perhaps on health and life insurance in the not-too-distant future.

The Insurance Information Institute, a trade association for insurers, says drivers at the bottom of the credit heap file 40 percent more claims than drivers at the top of the pile.

Not everyone agrees.

The Boston Globe reports Massachusetts' Attorney General Thomas F. Reilly and Boston's Mayor Thomas M. Menino have questioned whether a customer's credit history is really a good indicator of his propensity to file claims. They also charged that the use of credit information discriminates against minorities and low-income people and unfairly penalizes those who have gone through some life crisis like a job layoff or divorce.

Insurance regulators should ideally balance the interests of the insurance companies and the consumers they serve. This is especially important with a product like auto insurance which all drivers must purchase by law. But consumers are at a terrible disadvantage when going up against insurance companies that are skilled at working the system to their advantage. Any pretense for increasing premiums (or denying benefits) means more profits for them.

The situation with health insurance is a more extreme example of this.

The present health insurance system in the US allows companies to discriminate against policyholders they do not want to insure due to ‘preexisting conditions’ by either not offering policies or making them prohibitively expensive which accomplishes the same thing. This is a logical way to do things for a company trying to maximize profits but leaves those with health problems to fend for themselves and risk further health problems along with bankruptcy. Advocates for single payer health insurance in the US want to take the profit motive out of health insurance and replace the health insurance companies with a government run health insurance system like Medicare presently used for all of its over-65 population. But instead, President-elect Obama has proposed a system where the health insurance companies will still offer policies in return for giving up their right to reject coverage for those same ‘preexisting conditions’. Will the health insurance industry agree to this? Stay tuned.

The problem of insurance discrimination is really part of a larger problem caused by the anti-regulation mentality that Wall Street took advantage of (including the recent bailout financing the lavish executive lifestyles of insurance giant AIG).

In addition to discrimination, the insurance industry has exhibited some really sleazy behavior when they felt they could get away with it — and for the most part they have! For example, the Michael Moore film Sicko documented extensive wrongdoing by health insurance companies that in some instances resulted in needless deaths of patients while at the same time amassing record profits.

And then there were the many Hurricane Katrina victims who suffered through the loss of their homes and businesses only to see their insurance companies renege on their coverage.

Insurance companies may have paid out $11 billion to Louisianians in the two years since Hurricane Katrina, but they have also become a new villain in the tales people tell about the slow recovery here. Every neighborhood is full of horror stories about insurance companies that reneged on their promises, offered only pennies on the dollar in settlements, dribbled out payments, low-balled the costs of repairs, dropped long-time customers and sharply increased the price of coverage.

So while we have learned our lesson on making sure we will have enough regulation in the financial markets, we need to also make sure that we make the same needed regulatory reforms in the insurance industry. Indeed we have already made some progress when in September, Congress passed legislation to end insurance discrimination against mental health and substance abuse patients who usually had less benefits than those with physical health claims even from the same provider. This is a good start but we need to do more if we are going to be really serious about looking out for the welfare of those on Main Street instead of just Wall Street.

Santa Claus and Faith

During this holiday season I once again had the chance to see the 1947 classic Miracle on 34th Street which tells a story about when a nice old man who claims to be Santa Claus is institutionalized as insane, a young lawyer decides to defend him by arguing in court that he is the real thing.

While a movie about Santa Claus ostensibly deals with the secular part of the Christmas holiday, I couldn’t help but find a tremendous amount of religious significance in the movie, especially the way it centered on the idea of faith. Doris, in urging her daughter Susan not to believe in things like Santa Claus tells her that “Faith is believing when common sense tells you not to.”

Indeed this review on allmovie.com by Bruce Eder offers the following insight:

…sharp-eyed observers may or may not have noticed that the film essentially retells the New Testament's story of the life of Jesus Christ. …while screenwriter Valentine Davies' original story seems, superficially, to be the height of whimsy, about Santa Claus's appearance in the midst of that realistic setting, it becomes clear on closer examination that Davies borrowed liberally from the New Testament. Edmund Gwenn's Kris Kringle is almost more a substitute for Jesus than a screen-bound Santa. He enters a big city with his message of generosity and foresaking commercialism; he meets some doubters and some interested onlookers, and soon they're listening to him and starting to believe in him. Then he's betrayed and put on trial, not for his life but for his identity: he must prove he is who he says he is, or be imprisoned and labeled a madman and a pretender.

Indeed Kris performs a minor ‘miracle’ that Susan witnesses in Kris being able to speak in fluent Dutch to a child brought to Macy’s who was unable to speak English. She then tries to convince her mother Doris about Santa being real:

Susan: But when he spoke Dutch to that girl...

Doris: Susan, I speak French, but that doesn't make me Joan of Arc.

And then there is this exchange:

Susan: If you're really Santa Claus, you can get it for me. And if you can't, you're only a nice man with a white beard like mother says.

Kris: Now wait a minute, Susie. Just because every child can't get his wish that doesn't mean there isn't a Santa Claus.

This is similar to the argument that just because all prayers are not answered doesn’t mean there isn’t a God.

It can be argued that faith is something that many of us need to be able to cope with what life deals us as Judith Warner writes in her NYT article Do You Believe?

You have, in this climate, to carve out whatever little islands of belief that you can. My 11-year-old daughter, Julia, resolutely refuses not to believe in Santa Claus. No number of mall Santas, varying in face and demeanor, no amount of presents delivered straight to the door by UPS, can shake her from her faith. This is, I suppose, her way of preserving a sense of mystery and miracle in her otherwise dessicatedly secular world, where chocolate Santas at school have gone the way of the Pledge of Allegiance. And I admire her greatly for it.

But as much as I enjoyed believing in Santa Claus as a child along with my children when they were young, I still have mixed feelings about teaching children to have faith in something like Santa Claus. Once they are old enough to not believe any more, there is always the chance that they will then cynically question the value of all faith in others perhaps including God for those who were taught the value of religious faith. But for those like former Christian evangelist and now atheist blogger Daniel Florien in his posting Santa vs God, that would not be all bad.

But NYT reader Elizabeth A. shares these thoughts:

As an atheist, I've always loved Christmas. But I hate arguments that I have to be religious or "have faith" to really understand what it's about.

For me, Christmas is about family, and goodwill, and a time of the year when we get together to celebrate our love for each other and all of mankind. You don't need a mythology, religion, or fictional character to make that wonder-filled.

But lest we get too jaded and cynical, I would like to close with these words from NYT reader David Evans:

Mystery and magic cease to exist for people who are too afraid to acknowledge their own ignorance. People have a need to know, to banish fears and to pretend that they have control over their world, and what they don't truly know, they pretend to know. Why are we here? What force animates us? If you think you know, or have a ready answer that satisfies you, then you will never know mystery, and never feel the magic.

Deflation — Our Latest Worry

As we enjoy the holiday season with friends and loved ones, it’s hard to remember a time when we have had so much concern about how many of us are going to fare during an economy that grows ever more dismal by the week. Many have lost their jobs; others are looking over their shoulders wondering if they are going to be next. While some businesses have failed, others are on life support. It’s sure enough to put a damper on the holiday cheer.

And now we have our latest worry, the growing threat of deflation.

The biggest problem with deflation is that when businesses need to continually cut prices to spur sales, they eventually respond by cutting production. That results in growing job losses, and could, in the worst case scenario, even cause a depression.

We have heard from many that these are the worst times since the Great Depression. Now something comes along that may actually cause another depression.

How did we come to this? The simplified version goes like this.

The engine that drives our modern economy is credit. Consumers need credit to buy things like cars and houses and businesses need credit to have a steady reliable source of operating capital for things like buying raw materials and making the payroll. Cheaper and more available credit usually means people can spend more and businesses in turn can make and sell more goods which heats up the economy.

But when the economy gets too overheated, prices in general go up (inflation). So central banks like the US Federal Reserve (aka 'the Fed') will then put the brakes on the economy by raising interest rates making credit more expensive and less available. When the economy became weak and more became unemployed like in this last year, the Fed cut interest rates to stimulate credit. In normal times, this works reasonably well.

But the huge number of bad mortgage loans came back to hurt a number of financial services companies. Some failed while others were rescued by the government to try and keep the credit markets from collapsing. The $700 billion bailout from the US government was to try and make sure that credit would be available to businesses.

But smarting from the bad loans and weak economy, banks were still reluctant to extend credit. So the Fed continued to cut interest rates to banks to try and make more credit available. But now the Fed’s rate is as low as it can go (about zero) and credit is still hard to get. Companies like those in the auto industry can’t sell cars because credit is tight and they are also running out of operating capital for the same reason. So they must cut back production and lay off workers to try and stay afloat.

But people who are out of work (or are in fear of losing their jobs) drastically cut spending which forces companies to keep cutting prices (deflation) to attract customers until they have to further cut back on production and lay off even more workers which can lead to a deflationary spiral like the one that is believed to have caused the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Since interest rates cannot be lowered any more than they are, most economists (even conservative ones) feel that the only way to get out of this dire situation is for the government to stimulate the economy by pumping money into job creating projects like rebuilding the infrastructure even if it means massive budget deficits and the risk of possible inflation later on after the recovery.

So with the prospect of another depression coming if we do not do enough, the incoming Obama Administration’s first order of business is to put together a stimulus package that is large enough (and effective enough) to pull us out this mess we are in. As economics professor and former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich wrote in his blog on the subject of deflation:

The sooner we have a major stimulus package, the better. The danger is that it will be too small.

Politics As Usual?

As the story on Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich drags on with his continued refusal to resign, some are questioning whether what he did was little more than politics as usual but just simply more blatant.

Just the connotation of the word ‘politician’ brings negative thoughts to most of us. Someone who is said to have gotten their position ‘through politics’ is assumed to have benefited more from connections and favors than skill and hard work. And while there are undoubtedly both good and bad politicians, many of us fear the worst when deals are made out of sight of the public. So when we read transcripts of wiretapped Blagojevich conversations of him blatantly shaking down people for money we were shocked. Not necessarily that the shakedown took place but that it was so blatantly discussed over the phone (even when he knew he was under investigation) instead of just being cleverly implied.

The total fear of not being caught along with the total lack of any contrition after being arrested in the face of such damning evidence have led some to speculate that there may well be some mental health issues here. This NYT reader opined:

Obviously Gov. Blagovebich (sic) is mentally ill…probably with bi-polar disorder. As a mental health professional who worked for 35 years with many of these difficult and unfortunate, people, I can say that he exhibits classic symptoms! He is being joked about as a nasty sociopath, but his delusional, paranoid, grandiose ramblings are way beyond that!

And Dick Cavett who is not a mental health professional but has written a number of excellent articles based on his own battles with depression offers these thoughts:

Is humor out of place on this subject? Probably. In Blagojevich, we are dealing with a sick man. Or, in medical terminology, extreme pathology.

I felt the need to get some expert opinion on just what the ethically challenged governor is a case of. I sought the counsel of the eminent Dr. Willard Gaylin, longtime practitioner and author on such matters — once entrusted with the care and feeding of my own tender psyche. He filled me in.

He described what would now be called a “sociopath,” a modern-day term for the older “psychopath.” It’s a complex, hard-to-treat ailment, and “anti-social” is the key phrase here.

Among the prominent traits of one so afflicted is the absence of any sense of guilt or shame. Empathy is unknown. The truth may be told, but only when it serves the often bizarre purposes of the teller. Never for its own sake.

The governor’s astonishing dare — Go ahead and tap my phones — brings to mind the much more normal Gary Hart’s “Follow me.” (They did.) It is explained by the sociopath’s absolute conviction that he is somehow immune from being caught.

Obviously, trying to perform a long distance diagnosis of someone we do not even know should not be taken as an authoritative word on a person’s condition. But while this man certainly needs to be brought to trial for these accusations, there are enough red flags that we can hope that the authorities will include a psychological examination as part of his trial process.

But getting back to politics as usual, our laws have a number of examples where the line between ethical and unethical behavior can be more than a bit blurry.

For example, while asking for money in return for a political favor is clearly illegal, offering a favor in return for another a.k.a. quid pro quo is usually OK as it is a generally accepted part of the political process.

While giving money to a politician for his own personal use is bribery and is illegal, giving money to that same politician’s campaign is OK as long as it conforms to election laws. Corporations put countless millions into campaign contributions and lobbying politicians to get a sympathetic ear. Some of those politicians like Billy Tauzin retired from Congress to get a lucrative job lobbying for the industry he once oversaw while in Congress.

Cushy ambassador’s jobs to countries that many of us would pay to vacation in are given out to the largest contributors to presidential campaigns. Is this bribery? The explanation given is that the politician is just choosing people he knows who can do the job well. But how much of a chance would the same person have at that job without the political contribution?

Even in the private sector, a salesman who pays his customer to buy his products is again committing bribery. But entertaining customers with meals and tickets to sporting events is considered a normal part of business that taxpayers help to subsidize since these expenses are at least partly tax deductible. Now while the customer can still buy from whomever he wants to, how many want to give up all of those goodies for the sake of principle?

I’m sure there are other examples but I think this makes the point. While we should certainly be outraged at the behavior of Governor Blagojevich it would be hypocritical for us to turn a blind eye toward the other behaviors that may well be legal under present laws but whose ethics are questionable. Congress has indeed made some progress on ethics reform in lobbying but there is still a long way to go.

And since it is widely believed that especially larger political contributors normally expect something in return from their candidates, perhaps it is finally time to seriously push for public financing of political campaigns. But Barack Obama’s bypassing of public financing for his presidential campaign may have killed that idea. When reneging on his promise to accept public financing, he wrote, "I am firmly committed to reforming the system as president, so that it's viable in today's campaign climate." It will be interesting to see if or how he follows through on this especially having to work with a Republican Party that on this issue would be understandably cynical.

Better Ways to Replace a Senator

A reader of the New York Times sent the following tongue-in-cheek comment about checking out Ebay for some gifts for Christmas and finding this:

Senator seats for sale. Only two remaining.

1. Illinois. Auction ends December 31, 2008. "Bidder must be over 35 years old and can pay in cash. Must be an Illinois resident although this might be worked out. No credit cards accepted."

2. New York. "Must be a New York resident. Very helpful if your last name is Kennedy. No prior experience required."

One of the unique things about this recent presidential election was that no matter the outcome, an incumbent US Senator was going to be elected. Surprisingly, this hasn’t happened since John F. Kennedy back in 1960. Governors have been dominating the presidential elections since then.

In addition to Barack Obama, Joe Biden, and (upon Senate confirmation) Hillary Clinton leaving the Senate for their new jobs, there is also talk of a future replacement for Ted Kennedy who is battling a malignant brain tumor.

But unlike executive positions like the US President who has a long line of successors and even state governor positions that usually have a lieutenant governor in waiting as a replacement, legislative positions are usually filled by a governor who appoints the successor.

Especially when one person is in charge of appointing someone who can be as powerful as a US Senator, is it any wonder that it is an invitation to corruption as in the case of Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich who is accused of seeking bribes to influence who he would pick to fill President-elect Obama’s Senate seat? Maybe we need a better way to replace our legislators between elections — especially for a powerful post like the US Senate.

While the other Senate appointments may not be blatant crimes like in Illinois, they do raise some serious questions about our practice of appointing successors.

In New York, Caroline Kennedy is widely rumored to be a candidate for replacing Hillary Clinton. But there is debate on whether she is the most qualified or if her main appeal is the Kennedy name.

In Delaware, Joe Biden's son Beau has been mentioned to replace him in the Senate after his son’s tour in Iraq is completed. To help accomplish this, a cozy deal was set up where the governor will appoint a longtime senior adviser of Biden’s who has promised to serve only two years until 2010 when Beau can then run. Should someone have that much power in appointing ones successor — especially when it is a relative?

There is a similar question in Massachusetts where Ted Kennedy is said to want his wife Victoria to eventually be appointed for his Senate seat if he can no longer serve.

So are there better ways? The idea behind appointments is that special elections can be both costly and time consuming. But if an election involving all of the state’s voters is not practical, why not have the elected state legislators handle the voting on their behalf? One proposal would be for the governor to select a replacement (preferably from the same party as the departing senator) and have that person go through a confirmation process by the state legislature.

Another proposal presently used by Hawaii, Utah and Wyoming require the governor to fill a vacancy in the US Senate by picking from a list of three candidates submitted by officials representing the party of the departing senator.

Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune offers an excellent background article There are better ways to replace a senator for those wishing to explore this subject in more depth.

There is no perfect solution. Even these proposed solutions rely on some political wheeling and dealing. But they are a whole lot better than the system used by most states which gives the governor absolute power over US Senate appointments. And Governor Blagojevich if nothing else should remind us that absolute power corrupts absolutely!

Tragedy on Black Friday

Now that a little time has passed, we can reflect on the recent Black Friday tragedy where a Wal-Mart Employee Was Trampled to Death in New York.

By 4:55, with no police officers in sight, the crowd of more than 2,000 had become a rabble, and could be held back no longer. Fists banged and shoulders pressed on the sliding-glass double doors, which bowed in with the weight of the assault. Six to 10 workers inside tried to push back, but it was hopeless.

Suddenly, witnesses and the police said, the doors shattered, and the shrieking mob surged through in a blind rush for holiday bargains. One worker, Jdimytai Damour, 34, was thrown back onto the black linoleum tiles and trampled in the stampede that streamed over and around him. Others who had stood alongside Mr. Damour trying to hold the doors were also hurled back and run over, witnesses said.

To say this was all savage behavior would not be an understatement.

Some shoppers who had seen the stampede said they were shocked. One of them, Kimberly Cribbs of Queens, said the crowd had acted like “savages.” Shoppers behaved badly even as the store was being cleared, she recalled.

“When they were saying they had to leave, that an employee got killed, people were yelling, ‘I’ve been (in) line since yesterday morning,’ ” Ms. Cribbs told The Associated Press. “They kept shopping.”

So how did we get from what was supposed to be a promotional event to start the Christmas shopping season to this tragic result? Although Black Friday sounds like something sinister and deadly, the most common usage by merchants and the media simply refers to the beginning of the period in which retailers go from being in the red to being in the black. (i.e., turning a profit).

An interesting NYT article Media and Retailers Both Built Black Friday offers this observation:

In partnership with retail advertising clients, the news media have worked steadily and systematically to turn Black Friday into a broad cultural event. A decade ago, it was barely in the top 10 shopping days of the year. But once retailers hit on the formula of offering one or two very-low-priced items as loss leaders, media groups began to cover the post-Thanksgiving outing as a kind of consumer sporting event.

So what’s the problem here? All the stores are doing is offering some sales to stimulate business and in these awful economic times, they surely need all the help they can get. The problem lies in the “one or two very-low-priced items as loss leaders” being used to lure customers. Some of these items (like flat-screen TVs) are not only very attractive but are being sold at hundreds of dollars below market level prices to give extra incentive to those who are willing and able to fight the other shoppers to get to these values first.

And it stands to reason that people choosing to stand in line for hours overnight to fight for the best deal aren’t there to go home empty-handed.

NYT reader Teresa sums it up in her comment to the above article:

Wal-Mart and many other retailers have set up a system that requires antisocial behavior to get the best deal, by severely limiting the number of hot ticket items per store, for example, so that only the most aggressive shoppers are rewarded with the best value. It should therefore not surprise anyone that aggressive, antisocial shoppers are breaking down the doors and trampling people to get those deals.

So while the over-aggressive behavior of the shoppers cannot in any way be condoned, the merchants who use practices that reward this behavior deserve the most blame. There’s certainly nothing wrong with offering special sales to lure customers. But doing this with a tiny number of items sold at a loss is little more than a legalized Bait and Switch scheme. Ordinarily not offering enough advertised items at a low price constitutes fraud. But the Federal Trade Commission provides a loophole saying that this practice is OK as long as “the advertisement clearly and adequately discloses that supply is limited”.

So the clear solution to all of this is to close this loophole and require merchants to either offer all of their customers items at the sale price that day (instead of encouraging a fight over the few items in stock) or not offer the items at all.

A similar arrangement in which concertgoers fight for the best seats is known as festival seating.

On December 3, 1979, the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati, Ohio, was the site of one of the worst rock concert tragedies in United States history. Eleven fans were killed and several dozen others injured in the rush for seating at the opening of a sold-out concert by The Who. The concert was using festival seating. When the crowds waiting outside heard the band performing a soundcheck, they thought the concert was beginning and tried to rush into the still-closed doors, trampling those at the front of the crowd.

For more, check out this video link. To try and prevent another tragedy like this, festival seating was outlawed in Cincinnati.

But unfortunately, other cities did not follow suit which resulted in Cincinnati losing concerts to other cities that did allow festival seating. So in 2004, festival seating returned to Cincinnati.

What’s especially sad about both of these tragedies is that they were so avoidable. A little common sense beforehand could have prevented us from having to ask all of the tough questions about how it all happened after lives were lost. Hopefully we will at least have learned our lesson well enough to prevent future tragedies on Black Friday.